TRIM 및 가비지 컬렉션은 최신 SSD가 성능과 내구성을 모두 개선하기 위해 통합한 기술입니다. SSD가 신제품(fresh out of box) 상태인 경우 모든 NAND 블록이 비워져 있어 SSD는 단일 작업으로 빈 블록에 새로운 데이터를 쓸 수 있습니다. 시간이 지나면서 대부분의 빈 블록은 사용자 데이터를 포함하는 이미 사용된 블록이 됩니다. 이미 사용된 블록에 새로운 데이터를 쓰기 위해 SSD는 읽기-수정-쓰기 주기를 수행해야 합니다. 읽기-수정-쓰기 주기로 인해 SSD 전반적인 성능이 저하될 수 있는데 그 이유는 단일 작업 대신 세 개의 작업을 수행하기 때문입니다. 읽기-수정-쓰기 주기는 또한 SSD 전반적인 내구성을 저하시키는 쓰기 증폭을 유발할 수 있습니다.

TRIM 및 가비지 컬렉션은 이미 사용된 블록을 확보하여 SSD 성능과 내구성을 향상시키기 위해 함께 작동할 수 있습니다. 가비지 컬렉션은 SSD 컨트롤러에 내장된 기능이며 빈 블록을 더 많이 확보하기 위해 이미 사용된 블록에 저장된 데이터를 통합합니다. 이 과정은 백그라운드에서 이루어지고 SSD 자체가 이 과정을 완전히 관리합니다. 하지만 SSD는 어느 블록이 사용자 데이터를 포함하고 어느 블록이 사용자가 이미 삭제한 오래된 데이터를 포함하는지 감지하지 못할 수 있습니다. 여기에 TRIM 기능이 적용됩니다. TRIM을 통해 작업 시스템은 데이터가 삭제한 SSD를 알려 주어 SSD는 이전에 사용된 블록을 확보할 수 있습니다. TRIM이 작동하려면 작업 시스템과 SSD 모두 이것을 지원해야 합니다. 현재 최신 작업 시스템 및 SSD는 TRIM을 지원하지만 대부분의 RAID 구성은 이것을 지원하지 않습니다.

Kingston SSD는 수명주기 내내 최고의 성능 및 내구성을 유지하기 위해 가비지 컬렉션 및 TRIM 기술 모두를 활용합니다.

FAQ: KSD-011411-GEN-13

ElectroStatic Discharge, ESD is simply the discharge of built up static electricity.ESD should not be taken lightly as this is one of the few things an individual can do to damage or destroy their computer or hardware components.It is like when you rub your feet on the carpet and you touch something metal.ESD can occur without the user feeling a shock and will occur when only working on the inside of the computer or handling hardware.

How to help prevent ESD
The best method of preventing ESD is to use an ESD wrist strap or a grounding mat or table.However, because most users do not have access to these items, we have included the below steps to help reduce the chance of ESD as much as possible.

• Standing – We recommend that you are standing at all times when working on the computer. Setting on a chair can generate more electrostatic.
• Cords - Make sure everything is removed from the back of the computer (power cord, mouse, keyboard, etc).
• Clothes - Make sure not to wear any clothing that conducts a lot of Electrical Charge, such as a wool sweater.
• Accessories - To help reduce ESD and help prevent other problem, it is also a good idea to remove all jewelry.
• Weather - Electrical storms can increase the ESD risk; unless absolutely necessary, try not to work on a computer during an electrical storm.In very dry areas, the air itself becomes a part of the electrostatic build-up mechanism every time there is an air flow (wind, air conditioning, blower) passing over an insulated surface.Do not let high humidity levels build a false confidence, and beware of corrosion problems with interconnects and other electrical interfaces.

To learn more about ESD and how to protect your electronics, please refer to the below site.

ESD Association
http://www.esda.org/aboutESD.html

FAQ: KTC-Gen-ESD

본 드라이브용 드라이버는 Windows 8 이상 및 Server 2012R2 이상 버전용으로 제공되며 설치하는 동안 다운로드하거나 OS에 들어 있습니다. Windows 7 이하 버전에서 본 드라이브의 사용은 지원되지 않습니다. 새로운 Linux 버전에서 지원될 예정입니다. 본인이 사용하는 배포판이 NVMe를 지원하는지 확인하십시오. MacOS는 어떠한 버전도 지원하지 않습니다. FAQ: KSD-060117-NVME-01

고성능 NVMe SSD는 최대 대역폭 및 성능을 위해 적절한 공기 흐름을 필요로 합니다. 워크로드가 과중해지거나 광범위한 벤치마킹을 수행하는 동안 드라이브는 가열되는데, 컨트롤러 펌웨어는 드라이브의 작동온도를 유지시키고 본래의 기능을 유지시키기 위해 열 조절을 할 것이다. 이러한 상황 내에서 성능 저하가 관찰되는 경우, SSD가 적절한 냉각조치를 받고/받거나 시스템 팬 속도를 높여 드라이브 온도를 낮추는지 확인하십시오.

참고: 열 조절 기능은 온도가 80°C에 다다르면 작동합니다 FAQ: KSD-060117-NVME-02

NVMe SSD는 기본 Linux 및 Microsoft NVMe 드라이버를 활용합니다. Microsoft 기본 NVMe 드라이버는 휘발성 쓰기 캐시가 있는 NVMe 장치에 FUA(Forced Unit Access) IO 쓰기와 플러시 명령어를 발행합니다. 이는 사실상 빈번하게 DRAM 캐시를 바이패스하고 NAND에 직접 쓰기를 수행함으로써 대상 SSD에서 쓰기 캐싱 기능이 약화됩니다. 이러한 행동의 결과로 NVMe SSD의 성능이 감소합니다. 최대 성능을 얻으려면 Windows 내에서 대상 드라이브에 쓰기 캐시 버퍼 플러시를 비활성화해야 합니다.　


쓰기 캐시 버퍼 플러쉬 비활성화 단계　


1. 장치 관리자를 엽니다　


2. 디스크 드라이브를 선택하고 확장한 다음 대상 드라이브를 선택합니다.　


3. 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하여 속성을 선택합니다　


4. "장치에 대한 Windows 쓰기 캐시 버퍼 플러쉬 끄기"를 체크 표시합니다　

a. 참고: 장치에 대한 쓰기 캐시 버퍼 플러쉬를 비활성화함으로써 전원 장애 시 전송 데이터 손실 및/또는 데이터 손상의 위험이 있습니다. 이와 관련된 위험을 알고 계신 경우에만 본 기능을 비활성화하십시오.

성능 비교

FAQ: KSD-060117-KC1000-04

During the OS installation, go to UTILITIES / TERMINAL　

In terminal type:　

diskutil list　

Then press RETURN. Scroll up to top and verify the Kingston SSD disk (i.e. disk0, disk1, etc).

Then type:　

diskutil mountDISK disk0 (or whichever ddisk is the Kingston SSD).　

Then press RETURN. It should show "mounted successfully".

Then type:　

diskutil eraseDISK apfs YOURDRIVENAME disk0 (or whichever disk is the Kingston SSD)　

Warning – This step (eraseDISK command) will delete all data on the target drive. Confirm that you have selected the drive you wish to delete and then continue.　

Then press RETURN. It should show "successful". Then exit terminal and proceed with the normal installation of the OS. FAQ: KSD-092917-GEN-21

Kingston SSD Manager (KSM) is ending support for Microsoft Windows 7. The latest version of KSM with Windows 7 support is v1.1.2.5. If you are using Windows 7 and experience complications with KSM, please make sure you have AHCI mode enabled in BIOS and install the latest Intel RST storage driver provided by your system manufacturer. If you still need assistance, feel free to contact our Kingston Technical Support department. FAQ: KSM-001125-001-00

Kingston SSD Manager 1.1.2.6 will not offer firmware updates for NVMe SSDs until IEEE 1667 support has been disabled. In order to complete the firmware update you must do the following:

1. First, we recommend you backup your data.
2. Then use a secondary system to complete a REVERT using the PSID on the drive label. Note: Performing a REVERT will securely erase all data on the drive.
3. Disable IEEE 1667 support
4. The firmware update will become available upon refresh or restart of KSM FAQ: KSM-001125-001-01

Secure Erase User Guide for Linux
This guide will walk you through securely erasing your Kingston SSD using Linux tools
 
SATA Secure Erase Procedure

Warning
Please make sure to have a full backup of any important data before you proceed!

Prerequisites
• You must have root privileges.
• You must have your SSD connected to the system as a secondary (non-OS) drive.
• You must have lsscsi and hdparm installed. You may need to install them with your distribution’s package manager.
• Your drive must not be in a security freeze.
• Your drive must not be password protected.

Instructions
1. Find the device name (/dev/sdX) of the drive you wish to erase:
# lsscsi

2. Make sure drive security is not frozen:
# hdparm -I /dev/sdX | grep frozen

If the output shows "frozen" (instead of "not frozen") then you cannot continue to the next step. You must try to remove the security freeze by trying one of the following methods:

Method 1: Put the system to sleep (suspend to RAM) and wake it up. On most distributions the command to suspend is:
# systemctl suspend

Now issue the hdparm command again. If it worked the output will show “not frozen” (instead of “frozen”).
Method 2: Hot plug the drive. This is done by physically unplugging the SATA power cable from the drive and plugging it back in while the system is powered on. You may need to enable hot plug in BIOS. Not all systems support hot plug.

Now issue the hdparm command again. If it worked the output will show “not frozen” (instead of “frozen”).

3. Set a user password on the drive. The password can be anything. Here we are setting the password to “p”:
# hdparm --security-set-pass p /dev/sdX

4. Issue the secure erase command to the drive using the same password:
# hdparm --security-erase p /dev/sdX

This command may take a few minutes to complete. The drive password is removed upon successful completion.
If the secure erase is interrupted or otherwise fails your drive may become security locked. In this case you can remove the security lock using the command below and then try the secure erase procedure again:
# hdparm --security-disable p /dev/sdX
 
SATA Secure Erase Example

 

NVMe Secure Erase Procedure

Warning
Please make sure to have a full backup of any important data before you proceed!

Prerequisites
• You must have root privileges.
• You must have your SSD connected to the system as a secondary (non-OS) drive.
• You must have nvme-cli installed. You may need to install it with your distribution’s package manager.
• Your drive must not be password protected.

Instructions
1. Find the device name (/dev/nvmeXn1) of the drive you wish to erase:
# nvme list

2. Issue the format command to the drive. Here we set the secure erase setting to 1 which indicates a user data erase:
# nvme format /dev/nvmeXn1 --ses=1

This command may take a few minutes to complete.

 
NVMe Secure Erase Example

FAQ: KSM-SE-LIX

Your system may be loading the Intel RST driver instead of the Microsoft NVMe driver. There is a known compatibility issue with the Intel RST driver that interferes with NVMe firmware update commands. FAQ: KSM-001125-002-01

To determine which NVMe driver is in use, you can run the AS SSD benchmark tool and select your Kingston NVMe SSD from the drop-down menu. This will report the driver being used for that drive. If the driver is "iaStorAC" then your drive is using the Intel driver. If the driver is "stornvme" then your drive is using the Microsoft driver. FAQ: KSD-001525-001-00

Caution! The workarounds below will break RST RAID arrays and could lead to data loss. If your system has RST RAID
arrays you should consider an alternate solution.

Workaround 1: Disable RST Control in BIOS

This workaround requires BIOS options to enable or disable RST Control and is not available on all systems.

Note: Please backup all important data before you proceed!

1. Restart and enter the system BIOS
2. Locate the RST Configuration settings in BIOS
3. Change "RST Controlled" to "Not RST Controlled"
4. Save and exit BIOS
5. Open KSM and update the drive firmware

Once these steps are completed you may optionally switch back to "RST Controlled" in BIOS.

Workaround 2: Switch from RAID to AHCI in BIOS

This workaround is to change your system storage mode from RAID to AHCI and should work on all systems.

Note: Please backup all important data before you proceed!

1. Open msconfig
2. Select the Boot tab
3. Check Safe boot (minimal)
4. Click OK and Restart
5. When the system restarts go into the system BIOS
6. Change the storage mode from RAID to AHCI
7. Save and exit BIOS
8. Wait for Windows to boot into safe mode
9. Open msconfig
10. Select the Boot tab
11. Uncheck Safe boot
12. Click OK and Restart
13. Wait for Windows to boot normally
14. Open KSM and update the drive firmware

Once these steps are completed you may optionally switch the storage mode back to RAID in BIOS. FAQ: KSD-001525-001-01