A2000 SSD (SA2000)
A2000 NVMe PCIe SSD - 技術支援
資源
影片
常見問題
靜電放電 (ESD) 簡單來說就是放出已積蓄的靜電荷。 不可輕忽靜電放電，因為它是電腦或硬體零件遭到個人損壞的少數原因之一。 它的效果就好像您用腳摩擦地毯，再以腳碰金屬物一樣。 發生靜電放電時，使用者不一定會感受到觸電，而且只會在處理電腦內部或硬體時才會發生。
如何有助於防止靜電放電
預防靜電放電最好的方法，就是使用防靜電放電腕帶或接地墊或接地桌。 然而，由於許多使用者並沒辦法取得這些東西，我們另外附以下步驟，以有助於盡量減少靜電放電發生的機會。
- 站立 - 我們建議您在處理電腦時隨時保持站姿。坐在椅子上會積蓄更多靜電荷。
- 電線 - 確保電腦後所有東西已清空 (電源線、滑鼠、鍵盤等)。
- 衣服 - 確保身上不穿著能夠傳導大量電荷的衣物，如毛線衣。
- 裝飾物 - 取下所有珠寶、首飾，也可有助於減少靜電放電並預防其他問題。
- 天氣 - 電風暴會增加靜電放電的風險；除非絕對必要，否則避免在電風暴發生時操作電腦。 在非常乾燥的環境中，每當絕緣表面上有空氣流過 (風、空調、吹風機)，空氣本身就成為電荷積蓄之機制的一部份。 別因為高濕度就以為會沒事，並留意互聯接頭與其他電氣介面的腐蝕問題。
如欲更了解靜電放電詳情，以及如何保護您的電子產品，請參考以下網站。
靜電放電協會
https://www.esda.org
FAQ: KTC-Gen-ESD
Secure Erase User Guide for Linux
This guide will walk you through securely erasing your Kingston SSD using Linux tools
SATA Secure Erase Procedure
Warning
Please make sure to have a full backup of any important data before you proceed!
Prerequisites
• You must have root privileges.
• You must have your SSD connected to the system as a secondary (non-OS) drive.
• You must have lsscsi and hdparm installed. You may need to install them with your distribution’s package manager.
• Your drive must not be in a security freeze.
• Your drive must not be password protected.
Instructions
1. Find the device name (/dev/sdX) of the drive you wish to erase:
# lsscsi
2. Make sure drive security is not frozen:
# hdparm -I /dev/sdX | grep frozen
If the output shows "frozen" (instead of "not frozen") then you cannot continue to the next step. You must try to remove the security freeze by trying one of the following methods:
Method 1: Put the system to sleep (suspend to RAM) and wake it up. On most distributions the command to suspend is:
# systemctl suspend
Now issue the hdparm command again. If it worked the output will show “not frozen” (instead of “frozen”).
Method 2: Hot plug the drive. This is done by physically unplugging the SATA power cable from the drive and plugging it back in while the system is powered on. You may need to enable hot plug in BIOS. Not all systems support hot plug.
Now issue the hdparm command again. If it worked the output will show “not frozen” (instead of “frozen”).
3. Set a user password on the drive. The password can be anything. Here we are setting the password to “p”:
# hdparm --security-set-pass p /dev/sdX
4. Issue the secure erase command to the drive using the same password:
# hdparm --security-erase p /dev/sdX
This command may take a few minutes to complete. The drive password is removed upon successful completion.
If the secure erase is interrupted or otherwise fails your drive may become security locked. In this case you can remove the security lock using the command below and then try the secure erase procedure again:
# hdparm --security-disable p /dev/sdX
SATA Secure Erase Example
NVMe Secure Erase Procedure
Warning
Please make sure to have a full backup of any important data before you proceed!
Prerequisites
• You must have root privileges.
• You must have your SSD connected to the system as a secondary (non-OS) drive.
• You must have nvme-cli installed. You may need to install it with your distribution’s package manager.
• Your drive must not be password protected.
Instructions
1. Find the device name (/dev/nvmeXn1) of the drive you wish to erase:
# nvme list
2. Issue the format command to the drive. Here we set the secure erase setting to 1 which indicates a user data erase:
# nvme format /dev/nvmeXn1 --ses=1
This command may take a few minutes to complete.
NVMe Secure Erase Example
This guide will walk you through securely erasing your Kingston SSD using Linux tools
SATA Secure Erase Procedure
Warning
Please make sure to have a full backup of any important data before you proceed!
Prerequisites
• You must have root privileges.
• You must have your SSD connected to the system as a secondary (non-OS) drive.
• You must have lsscsi and hdparm installed. You may need to install them with your distribution’s package manager.
• Your drive must not be in a security freeze.
• Your drive must not be password protected.
Instructions
1. Find the device name (/dev/sdX) of the drive you wish to erase:
# lsscsi
2. Make sure drive security is not frozen:
# hdparm -I /dev/sdX | grep frozen
If the output shows "frozen" (instead of "not frozen") then you cannot continue to the next step. You must try to remove the security freeze by trying one of the following methods:
Method 1: Put the system to sleep (suspend to RAM) and wake it up. On most distributions the command to suspend is:
# systemctl suspend
Now issue the hdparm command again. If it worked the output will show “not frozen” (instead of “frozen”).
Method 2: Hot plug the drive. This is done by physically unplugging the SATA power cable from the drive and plugging it back in while the system is powered on. You may need to enable hot plug in BIOS. Not all systems support hot plug.
Now issue the hdparm command again. If it worked the output will show “not frozen” (instead of “frozen”).
3. Set a user password on the drive. The password can be anything. Here we are setting the password to “p”:
# hdparm --security-set-pass p /dev/sdX
4. Issue the secure erase command to the drive using the same password:
# hdparm --security-erase p /dev/sdX
This command may take a few minutes to complete. The drive password is removed upon successful completion.
If the secure erase is interrupted or otherwise fails your drive may become security locked. In this case you can remove the security lock using the command below and then try the secure erase procedure again:
# hdparm --security-disable p /dev/sdX
SATA Secure Erase Example
NVMe Secure Erase Procedure
Warning
Please make sure to have a full backup of any important data before you proceed!
Prerequisites
• You must have root privileges.
• You must have your SSD connected to the system as a secondary (non-OS) drive.
• You must have nvme-cli installed. You may need to install it with your distribution’s package manager.
• Your drive must not be password protected.
Instructions
1. Find the device name (/dev/nvmeXn1) of the drive you wish to erase:
# nvme list
2. Issue the format command to the drive. Here we set the secure erase setting to 1 which indicates a user data erase:
# nvme format /dev/nvmeXn1 --ses=1
This command may take a few minutes to complete.
NVMe Secure Erase Example
FAQ: KSM-SE-LIX
裁切技術與垃圾資料回收是現今 SSD 固態硬碟所採用的技術，為的是要提高其效能和耐久性。
剛開始使用 SSD 固態硬碟時，全部的 NAND 區塊都是空白，因此 SSD 固態硬碟可以在一次的操作中將新資料寫入空白區塊。
隨著使用時間拉長，大部分的區塊將成為存有使用者資料的已使用區塊。
為了將新的資料寫入已使用區塊，SSD 固態硬碟被迫執行讀取 - 修改 - 寫入之週期。讀取 - 修改 - 寫入之週期會損害 SSD 固態硬碟的整體效能，因為必須執行三個動作，而不是單一操作就能結束。讀取 - 修改-寫入之週期也會造成寫入放大，而損害 SSD 固態硬碟的整體耐久性。
裁切技術與垃圾資料回收兩者可相互合作，透過釋放已使用的區塊，改善 SSD 固態硬碟的效能和耐久性。
垃圾資料回收是 SSD 固態硬碟控制器的內建功能，用於整合儲存在已使用區塊中的資料，以便釋放更多空白區塊。
這個程序是在背景進行處理，而且完全由 SSD 固態硬碟本身執行。
然而，SSD 固態硬碟不會知道哪些區塊存有使用者資料，以及哪些區塊存有使用者已刪除的舊資料。
這就是裁切技術功能的作用所在。裁切技術讓操作系統得以在資料刪除時，通知 SSD 固態硬碟，接著 SSD 固態硬碟就能將已使用之區塊釋放。
若想執行裁切技術，必須使用支援此技術的操作系統和 SSD 固態硬碟。現今的現代操作系統及 SSD 固態硬碟大多都支援裁切技術，然而大部分的 RAID 設定卻尚未支援。
Kingston SSD 固態硬碟皆有採用裁切技術與垃圾資料回收技術，為了在產品使用壽命中，維持最高的效能及耐久性。
FAQ: KSD-011411-GEN-13
NVMe drives are plug and play with Windows 8 and above and Windows Server 2012R and above. Therefore, Kingston does not provide additional drivers. NVMe drives will also work with the latest versions of Linux. Please note: macOS is not supported.
FAQ: KSD-060117-NVME-01
高效能 NVMe SSD 需要適當通風，才能徹底發揮頻寬和效能。 在大量工作負荷或廣泛基準期間，硬碟溫度會升高，而控制器韌體可能會進行熱調節，以便維持適當的作業溫度和確保硬碟完整性。如果在這些情況下發生效能降級，請確認 SSD 固態硬碟獲得適當冷卻，以及/或增加系統風扇，才能降低硬碟溫度。
注意：溫度達到 80°C 時，便會進行熱調節
注意：溫度達到 80°C 時，便會進行熱調節
FAQ: KSD-060117-NVME-02
NVMe SSD 仰賴原生 Linux 及 Microsoft NVMe 驅動程式。Microsoft 的原生 NVMe 驅動程式會將強制單元存取 (FUA) IO 寫入和 Flush 命令核發到有揮發性寫入快取的 NVMe 裝置。實際上，這會因為時常繞過 DRAM 快取並直接寫入至 NAND 而損害目標 SSD 固態硬碟上的快取。由於此行為，NVMe SSD 固態硬碟的效能會降低。若要發揮最大效能，您必須停用 Windows 內目標硬碟上的快取緩衝區排清。
停用寫入快取緩衝區排清的步驟
1. 開啟裝置管理員
2. 選取硬碟並展開，然後選取目標硬碟。
3. 按一下滑鼠右鍵並選取「內容」
4. 核取「關閉裝置的 Windows 寫入快取緩衝區排清」
a. 注意：停用裝置上的寫入快取緩衝區排清，您會面臨在傳輸中遺失資料及/或停電時資料毀損的風險。只有當您察覺與之相關聯風險時，才停用此功能。
效能比較
停用寫入快取緩衝區排清的步驟
1. 開啟裝置管理員
2. 選取硬碟並展開，然後選取目標硬碟。
3. 按一下滑鼠右鍵並選取「內容」
4. 核取「關閉裝置的 Windows 寫入快取緩衝區排清」
a. 注意：停用裝置上的寫入快取緩衝區排清，您會面臨在傳輸中遺失資料及/或停電時資料毀損的風險。只有當您察覺與之相關聯風險時，才停用此功能。
效能比較
FAQ: KSD-060117-KC1000-04
Kingston SSD Manager (KSM) is ending support for Microsoft Windows 7. The latest version of KSM with Windows 7 support is v1.1.2.5. If you are using Windows 7 and experience complications with KSM, please make sure you have AHCI mode enabled in BIOS and install the latest Intel RST storage driver provided by your system manufacturer. If you still need assistance, feel free to contact our Kingston Technical Support department.
FAQ: KSM-001125-001-00
Kingston SSD Manager 1.1.2.6 will not offer firmware updates for NVMe SSDs until IEEE 1667 support has been disabled. In order to complete the firmware update you must do the following:
1. First, we recommend you backup your data.
2. Then use a secondary system to complete a REVERT using the PSID on the drive label. Note: Performing a REVERT will securely erase all data on the drive.
3. Disable IEEE 1667 support
4. The firmware update will become available upon refresh or restart of KSM
1. First, we recommend you backup your data.
2. Then use a secondary system to complete a REVERT using the PSID on the drive label. Note: Performing a REVERT will securely erase all data on the drive.
3. Disable IEEE 1667 support
4. The firmware update will become available upon refresh or restart of KSM
FAQ: KSM-001125-001-01
Your system may be loading the Intel RST driver instead of the Microsoft NVMe driver. There is a known compatibility issue with the Intel RST driver that interferes with NVMe firmware update commands. Additionally, KSM is only supported on Windows based systems. Therefore, if you are attempting to run KSM on a macOS or Linux based system, unfortunately these OS are not compatible with KSM.
FAQ: KSM-001125-002-01
To determine which NVMe driver is in use, you can run the AS SSD benchmark tool and select your Kingston NVMe SSD from the drop-down menu. This will report the driver being used for that drive. If the driver is "iaStorAC" then your drive is using the Intel driver. If the driver is "stornvme" then your drive is using the Microsoft driver. Please note: Kingston's NVMe SSD drives are plug and play and therefore, we do not provide additional drivers.
FAQ: KSD-001525-001-00
Caution! The workarounds below will break RST RAID arrays and could lead to data loss. If your system has RST RAID
arrays you should consider an alternate solution.
Workaround 1: Disable RST Control in BIOS
This workaround requires BIOS options to enable or disable RST Control and is not available on all systems.
Note: Please backup all important data before you proceed!
1. Restart and enter the system BIOS
2. Locate the RST Configuration settings in BIOS
3. Change "RST Controlled" to "Not RST Controlled"
4. Save and exit BIOS
5. Open KSM and update the drive firmware
Once these steps are completed you may optionally switch back to "RST Controlled" in BIOS.
Workaround 2: Switch from RAID to AHCI in BIOS
This workaround is to change your system storage mode from RAID to AHCI and should work on all systems.
Note: Please backup all important data before you proceed!
1. Open msconfig
2. Select the Boot tab
3. Check Safe boot (minimal)
4. Click OK and Restart
5. When the system restarts go into the system BIOS
6. Change the storage mode from RAID to AHCI
7. Save and exit BIOS
8. Wait for Windows to boot into safe mode
9. Open msconfig
10. Select the Boot tab
11. Uncheck Safe boot
12. Click OK and Restart
13. Wait for Windows to boot normally
14. Open KSM and update the drive firmware
Once these steps are completed you may optionally switch the storage mode back to RAID in BIOS.
arrays you should consider an alternate solution.
Workaround 1: Disable RST Control in BIOS
This workaround requires BIOS options to enable or disable RST Control and is not available on all systems.
Note: Please backup all important data before you proceed!
1. Restart and enter the system BIOS
2. Locate the RST Configuration settings in BIOS
3. Change "RST Controlled" to "Not RST Controlled"
4. Save and exit BIOS
5. Open KSM and update the drive firmware
Once these steps are completed you may optionally switch back to "RST Controlled" in BIOS.
Workaround 2: Switch from RAID to AHCI in BIOS
This workaround is to change your system storage mode from RAID to AHCI and should work on all systems.
Note: Please backup all important data before you proceed!
1. Open msconfig
2. Select the Boot tab
3. Check Safe boot (minimal)
4. Click OK and Restart
5. When the system restarts go into the system BIOS
6. Change the storage mode from RAID to AHCI
7. Save and exit BIOS
8. Wait for Windows to boot into safe mode
9. Open msconfig
10. Select the Boot tab
11. Uncheck Safe boot
12. Click OK and Restart
13. Wait for Windows to boot normally
14. Open KSM and update the drive firmware
Once these steps are completed you may optionally switch the storage mode back to RAID in BIOS.
FAQ: KSD-001525-001-01
During the OS installation, go to UTILITIES / TERMINAL
In terminal type:
diskutil list
Then press RETURN. Scroll up to top and verify the Kingston SSD disk (i.e. disk0, disk1, etc).
Then type:
diskutil mountDISK disk0 (or whichever ddisk is the Kingston SSD).
Then press RETURN. It should show "mounted successfully".
Then type:
diskutil eraseDISK apfs YOURDRIVENAME disk0 (or whichever disk is the Kingston SSD)
Warning – This step (eraseDISK command) will delete all data on the target drive. Confirm that you have selected the drive you wish to delete and then continue.
Then press RETURN. It should show "successful". Then exit terminal and proceed with the normal installation of the OS.
In terminal type:
diskutil list
Then press RETURN. Scroll up to top and verify the Kingston SSD disk (i.e. disk0, disk1, etc).
Then type:
diskutil mountDISK disk0 (or whichever ddisk is the Kingston SSD).
Then press RETURN. It should show "mounted successfully".
Then type:
diskutil eraseDISK apfs YOURDRIVENAME disk0 (or whichever disk is the Kingston SSD)
Warning – This step (eraseDISK command) will delete all data on the target drive. Confirm that you have selected the drive you wish to delete and then continue.
Then press RETURN. It should show "successful". Then exit terminal and proceed with the normal installation of the OS.
FAQ: KSD-092917-GEN-21